Online Resources of Interest to Text Critics of the Bible

Textual criticism is a glorious field of study whose landscape is dotted with monuments of past and present erudition. The question I address in this post is to the degree to which the field is currently navigable online, and prospects for voyages in the future. In the interests of brevity, I confine my attention to a few aspects of the question only.

 The subject matter is of interest to anyone who cares about examples of poetry in ancient texts, because the nuances and prosody of a poetic text are especially sensitive to textual difference.

 A new dynamic is operative in the world of information exchange, whereby, more and more often, something new from the point of view of method or content first becomes available free of charge online and only later is repackaged for sale in a market. For this and other reasons, there are a number of online resources out there for anyone to use that lack as yet a better equivalent in the commercial sphere. This holds true for the field of text criticism as much as for any other field of study.

 This is a healthy situation, unless one holds to the view that Mammon must always be king. For my part, I have a demythologized view of Mammon, with a corollary: the purpose of an information market is not to make money per se, but to provide a venue that ensures support for and dissemination of original research and tools of the trade. To ring the changes on an eternal verity, the market was, or should be, made for man, not man for the market.

 The line between online resources available free of charge and those which cost a pretty penny needs to become blurrier than it is now, so that access to the former becomes a portal to access to the latter, and ownership of a paid-for resource brings with it enhanced access to resources available to all. Someday any book worth paying for will include an online dimension. Reference works will be updated electronically on a continuous basis. Examples of both, of course, are already out there.

 How this works for the moment and how it should work are often two different things. An example or two may serve to illustrate.

Let’s say I am interested in researching the Peshitta as a text-critical resource for the study of the Hebrew Bible and/or the New Testament, a key component of the Aramaic linguistic and literary heritage, and a magnum opus in its own right, knowledge of which is essential for an understanding of Syriac Christianity.

Ideally, in my view, I would be able to go to the site of the Leiden Peshitta Institute, access the text in the form of a tagged database free of charge, and in that context be offered other tools, both free and commercial, that will allow me to study the Peshitta in its various facets. In reality, when I go to the site, I find no more than a list of the Institute’s ongoing projects and links to lists of the fascicles of the Major Edition and the monographs of the Institute which have so far appeared. The cute picture of an unidentified researcher, of course, makes up for this. But still.

At the very least, one would have wished for a link to CAL, where part of the Peshitta Institute’s own database has graciously been made available to those who use CAL online. On the other hand, the OT Peshitta is not available in the for-pay version of CAL through Logos-Bible-Software. This is unfortunate.

Links to www.peshitta.org, www.assyrianlanguage.com, and so on would also have been helpful. (The music of Linda George on the first site is a nice throw-in.) A link to the online Syriac Studies Encyclopedia (editor: George A. Kiraz) would have opened a door in another direction.

Furthermore, the purchasable items in the Institute’s lists are cold, so one has to look elsewhere for a place to buy them. In this regard, a good place to start is Eisenbrauns, and if one plugs “Syriac” or “Peshitta” into the online search engine, all kinds of excellent purchasable resources pop up, but not the Leiden Peshitta edition itself! The best way to examine and purchase volumes of the Leiden Peshitta online is to go to Brill’s site, and from there to its links to books.google.com via ISBN number. It is then possible to take a look at a volume’s cover, peruse its table of contents and so on, and choose a bookseller from which to purchase. Here’s an example of what I mean: books.google.com/leiden-peshitta-isaiah. Beyond that, an almost complete listing of the Institute’s published monographs purchasable new or used is available at amazon.com-search-keywords=Monographs+Leiden+Peshitta.

One more example. Let’s say I’m interested in the Septuagint for reasons like those stated above with respect to the Peshitta. Here the situation is different, thanks to the marvelous site on the Septuagint and resources in the field offered by Joel Kalvesmaki. The site is literally priceless.

On the other hand, despite what Joel says, it’s not necessary to buy the Göttingen critical editions of the Septuagint via their publisher. You can purchase them at Eisenbrauns. After winning the lottery first.

Tyler Williams’ brief introduction to the study of the Septuagint is also very helpful.

Beyond that, the number of online resources for the study of the Septuagint is steadily increasing. A few examples will have to suffice.

 A Database of Septuagint Greek

Martin Roesel’s Introduction to the Septuagint

Marguerite Harl’s Introduction to the Septuagint

July 2007 Colloquium on the Greek Bible in Byzantine Judaism

Hengel’s The Septuagint as Christian Scripture (review by K. de Troyer)

I keep hoping that I will wake up someday, go to eisenbrauns.com, and discover that it has become a one-stop shop for all my needs as a biblical scholar. It’s not that I’m expecting, necessarily, to find Gabriel Afram’s Swedish-Syriac-Dictionary among its listings, the very existence of which warms my cockles. But it is my hope that a commercially viable way will be found for Eisenbrauns’ book catalogues to become a comprehensive portal to the purchasable print and electronic resources of the fields of study they cover. I can dream, can’t I?

I also keep hoping that someone will introduce to the rest of us the most important resources available in other subfields of the textual criticism of the Bible with the same alacrity as Joel and Tyler have done for the Septuagint.

 If you look long enough, you can find real gems, like this. But who has time to do all that looking?

 For a printable version of this post, go here.

Comments

[Daniel Foster]

John, thanks for mentioning the Peshitta product from Logos Bible Software.

Just to fill you in on some of the details of how Logos operates... We license all the content we can get from each publisher or institute, then publish electronically as much of that content as our market cares to purchase.

The determination of marketability is largely made through mechanisms such as our prepublication program (copyrighted works) and community pricing program (public domain works).

All that to say, if and when we are able to license the OT Peshitta we will. We're as desirous of an electronic edition as you are. :-)

In the meantime, however, I think it's safe to say that Logos offers the most comprehensive range of resources for textual criticism, from critical apparatus to Comfort and Barrett's transcribed manuscripts, Metzger's textual commentary and more.

One of the newest volumes on text criticism to be released electronically is Wegner's A Student's Guide to Textual Criticism of the Bible.

I'd be happy to direct you to additional offerings from Logos that would interest a text critic.

Daniel Foster
Logos Bible Software
[email protected]

[Daniel Foster]

Oops...paragraph three was supposed to read:

"The determination of marketability is largely made through mechanisms such as our prepublication program (copyrighted works) and community pricing program (public domain works)."

[JohnFH]

Hi Daniel,

thanks for chiming in here. I like the both/and approach, as is the case with CAL. A clunky version of CAL is available for free (though strangely, with a wider text base). A slicker version is available through you guys. I consider that a win-win situation.

The relationship of parallel for-free and for-pay databases is likely to be synergistic over the long term, with enough money being made by outfits like yours to stay in business, and the initial freeloaders eventually becoming paying customers and therefore stakeholders in the development of new products.

[Daniel Foster]

Very true. Another great example is the OpenText.org project, whose data Logos licensed to create syntactically tagged Bibles, syntax graphs, and syntax search tools for Logos Bible Software 3.

[James]

John,

As I promised you, Eisenbrauns now has the entire Leiden Peshitta listed. Search under series at http://www.eisenbrauns.com, and you will find it at a 5% discount, versus the river in Brazil at list price.

Thanks for pointing out our oversight of it.

James

[Jayasek]

Kindly tell me where I can find an electronic version of the OT Pesitta. Thanks!

Jayasek

[JohnFH]

Jayasek,

you will want to check out the resources on this site, which include an electronic version of the Peshitta, but not downloadable as such:

http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/index.html