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The Human Anatomy in Ancient Hebrew: Advanced Level

At SBL San Diego, a session was dedicated to testing proficiency in ancient Hebrew. One excellent test of vocabulary proficiency involves the slotting of items across semantic continuums. For example, after randomizing the vocabulary items in the basic, intermediate, and advanced lists provided in this series, students might be required to group and sequence them from head-to-toe. An even better test might involve a 3D image of the human body with appropriately placed slots to be filled in with the appropriate terms for the corresponding body parts.

A glossed and vocalized “full listing” of the terminology of human anatomy in ancient Hebrew is offered below. Once the list is mastered, proficiency is testable by working through it in un-glossed, un-vocalized format - also provided. Grad students and Hebrew teachers might start with the un-glossed, un-vocalized list, and check knowledge against the glossed and vocalized equivalents in case of doubt.

The “full list” following is bound to contain errors of omission and commission. The standard dictionaries and concordances were consulted, but little secondary literature beyond that. The vocabulary of epigraphic, Ben Sira, and DSS Hebrew was not systematically added in. The selection of phrases remains piecemeal. Research indicates that mastery of vocabulary involves knowing 98 per cent of a full listing of vocabulary –– cold. This list is meant to be a means to attaining that end for a subset of the whole.

Peter Kirk noted in a comment to the first post in this series that the United Bible Societies are working on a project entitled a Semantic Dictionary of Ancient Hebrew. How do my efforts differ from those of Renier de Blois and his team? The UBS project groups lexical items in broad semantic classes in which class-members are “equidistant” from each other; only rarely are lexemes grouped into subsets according to semantic contiguity. Semantic contiguity of subsets within a class is not described.

Other differences: the UBS project pays scant attention to morphology and phraseology. Two examples: פאה, in reference to anatomy, occurs in the singular and the dual; the plural is used exclusively in reference to topography; ידות the plural of יד is used in a number of specialized senses, but not as an anatomical term. My lists reflect these realities and include examples of stock phrases. The UBS project does not.

When SDAH is completed, it will be possible to compare its list of “Parts: People” with the lists provided here. But its “Parts: People” class is an undifferentiated sea along the lexical domain axis. The internal semantic organization of the class and attention to morphology and phraseology offered here have no counterparts in the UBS project.

The Dictionary of Biblical Languages with Semantic Domains: Hebrew (DBL) by Mark Swanson (Logos, 1997) was pioneering project of this kind. Another project of interest: The Semantics of Ancient Hebrew Database (SAHD) project, in the incipient stage, under the direction of Takamitsu Muraoka.

The basic list presented earlier corresponds to a level attainable after two semesters of study; the “basic plus” list, after four semesters. A “full list” like this one might be used for study and testing purposes during the third year of three-year sequence.

Full List

רֹאשׁ, רָאשִׁים, רָאשָׁיו/רֹאשָׁיו  head, heads, his heads       

קָדְקֹד, קָדְקֳדוֹ pate, his pate         

גֻּלְגֹּ֫לֶת, גֻּלְגָּלְתּוֹ      skull, his skull

רַקָּה        temple

מֵ֫צַח, *מְצָחוֹת       forehead, foreheads

 

פָּנִים               face (front)

אָחוֹר, *אֲחֹרִים       back (rear)

גַּו/גֵּו/גֵּוָה back      

גַּב               back

בָּמוֹת            back (intensive pl.)

 

*פְּאַת פָּנִים corner/side of the face=temple         

*פְּאַת רֹאשׁ           temple

*פֵּאָה, *פַּאֲתַיִם  corner/temple, a pair of corners/temples      

*פֹּת    [פת=פאת] temple

 

שֵׂעָר, שַׂעֲרָה, *שְׂעָרוֹת, שְׂעָרוֹ/*שַׂעְרוֹ      hair, hair, hairs, his hair

*פֶּרַע שְׂעַר רֹאשׁ       free-flowing hair of the head

*דַּלַּת רֹאשׁ               tresses of the head

*קְוֻצּוֹת locks               

*צִיצִת רֹאשׁ lock            

זָקָן    (m. and f.) beard                

*פְּאַת זָקָן sidegrowth of beard            

*גִּזְרָה coiffure               

שָׂפָם moustache               

 

עַ֫יִן, עֵינַ֫יִם          eye, a pair of eyes

אִישׁוֹן עַ֫יִן pupil/apple of the eye             

אִישׁוֹן בַּת־עַ֫יִן pupil/apple of the eye         

בַּת־עַ֫יִן            pupil/apple of the eye

בָּבַת עֵינוֹ the pupil/apple of his eye         

 

*עַפְעַפַּ֫יִם a pair of eyelids            

*שְׁמֻרוֹת עֵינַ֫יִם eyelids         

*גַּבֹּת עֵינַ֫יִם        eyebrows

 

אֹ֫זֶן, אָזְנַ֫יִם         ear, a pair of ears

תְּנוּךְ earlobe                  

 

אַף, אַפַּ֫יִם        nose, a pair of nostrils

 

לְחִי, לְחָיַ֫יִם, לֶחֱיוֹ cheek/jaw, a pair of cheeks       

*מַלְקוֹחַ֫יִם a pair of gums         

 

פֶּה, פִּיו/פִּ֫יהוּ mouth          

*מִדְבָּר (poetic) mouth         

חֵךְ palate               

לָשׁוֹן, לְשֹׁנוֹת       tongue, tongues

שֵׁן, שִׁנַּ֫יִם        tooth, a pair of sets of teeth

שָׂפָה, שְׂפָתַ֫יִם lip, a pair of lips       

*דַּל שְׂפָתַ֫יִם (poetic) door of the lips         

גָּרוֹן         throat, neck

*לֹעַ       gullet

נֶ֫פֶשׁ throat          

 

צַוָּאר, צַוָּארִים/*צַוָּרוֹת neck, necks               

*מַפְרֶ֫קֶת   neck          

*גַּרְגָּרוֹת neck         

עֹ֫רֶף             nape

 

שְׁכֶם, שִׁכְמוֹ back         

שִׁכְמָה back      

כָּתֵף, *כְּתֵפַ֫יִם, כְּתֵפוֹת     shoulder, a pair of shoulders, shoulders

 

שֹׁד, שָׁדַ֫יִם a breast, a pair of breasts       

זִיז         teat

*דַּדַּ֫יִם a pair of nipples      

חֵיק/חֵק bosom         

 

בֶּ֫טֶן          belly

*דַּלְתֵי בֶטֶן doors of the belly         

קֵבָה, קֳבָתָהּ        belly, her belly

 

*שֹׁ֫רֶר, *שָׁרְרוֹ   navel

*שֹׁר, *שָׁרּוֹ       navel-cord

 

*כָּרֵשׂ stomach         

חֹ֫מֶשׁ        stomach

*אוּל          paunch

*מֵעִים         abdomen, viscera

 

רֶ֫חֶם womb            

מַשְׁבֵּר        mouth of the womb

 

קֶ֫רֶב, *קְרָבִים        inward parts

 

לֵב/לֵבָב, לִבּוֹת/לְבָבוֹת      heart, hearts

סְגֹור לֵב  pericardium    

כְּלָיוֹת          kidneys

כָּבֵד             liver

*מְרֹרָה       gall-bladder

 

זְרוֹעַ/אֶזְרוֹעַ, זְרֹעוֹת/זְרֹעִים arm, arms       

קָנֶה, קָנָהֿ  humerus, its humerus         

יָד, יָדַ֫יִם          arm/hand, a pair of arms/hands

*אַצִּילוֹת יָד      armpits

*אַצִּילֵי יָד       elbows

 

יְמִינוֹ/נָהּ, יַד יְמִינוֹ        his/her right hand   

שְׂמֹאלוֹ/לָהַּ, יַד שְׂמֹאלוֹ          his/her left hand

 

כַּף, כַּפַּ֫יִם/כַּפּוֹת hollow/palm, a pair of palms         

חָפְנַ֫יִם   a pair of cups of hands         

*שֹׁ֫עַל, שְׁעָלִים         hollow of a hand, hollows

 

אֶצְבַּע, אֶצְבָּעוֹת  finger, fingers         

בֹּ֫הֶן/בְּהוֹן, *בּוֹהֲנֹת/*בְּהוֹנוֹת thumb, thumbs         

*קֹטֶן, *קָֽטָנּוֹ      little finger

*צִפָּרְנִים           fingernails

 

שָׁפְכָה               penis

*אֶשֶׁךְ                testicle

שֵׁת, *שָׁתוֹת         buttock, buttocks

מִפְשָׂעָה           posterior

*עֲקֵבִים          heels=curved ends

 

יָד                hand=phallus

בָּשָׂר              flesh=phallus

`

כְּסָלִים            loins=genitalia

רַגְלַ֫יִם             feet=genitalia

 

עֶרְוָה nakedness=pudenda               

בְּשַׂר עֶרְוָה flesh of nakedness=waist-section       

*מַ֫עַר              nakedness=pudenda

 

*מְעוֹרִים          nakednesses=pudenda

מְבוּשִׁים          shameful things=pudenda

*נַבְלוֹת             shamelessness=pudenda

 

צַד, צִדִּים        side, sides

כֶּ֫סֶל, כְּסָלִים loin, loins      

מָתְנַ֫יִם a pair of loins                

חֲלָצַ֫יִם a pair of loins                

 

יָרֵךְ, יְרֵכַ֫יִם     hip/thigh, pair of thighs

כַּף הַיָּרֵךְ        hip-socket

נָשֶׁה             sciatic nerve

 

*עֲטֵמַ֫ים            a pair of thighs (cj Job 21:24)

שׁוֹק, שֹׁקַ֫יִם upper leg, a pair of upper legs         

 

בֶּ֫רֶךְ, בִּרְכַּ֫יִם      knee, a pair of knees

*קַרְסֻלַּ֫יִם       a pair of ankles

*אָפְסַ֫יִם        a pair of ankles

 

*מַרְגְּלוֹת legs         

רֶ֫גֶל, רַגְלַ֫יִם foot, a pair of feet       

פַּ֫עַם, פְּעָמִים        foot, feet

 

כַּף, כַּפַּ֫יִם/כַּפּוֹת      sole of a foot, a pair of soles of feet

אֶצְבַּע, אֶצְבָּעוֹת          toe, toes

בֹּ֫הֶן/בְּהוֹן, *בּוֹהֲנֹת/*בְּהוֹנוֹת         big toe, big toes

עָקֵב, *עֲקֵבִים, עִקְּבֵי heel, heels         

 

עוֹר skin                

*עֹור שִׁנָּיו skin of my teeth          

*גֶּ֫לֶד             skin

עָרְלָה, עֲרָלוֹת      (עֳ׳foreskin, foreskins (not    

 

גִּיד, גִּידִים sinew, sinews          

בָּשָׂר, בְּשָׂרִים        flesh, fleshy body parts

שְׁאֵר           flesh

 

חֵ֫לֶב         fat

פִּימָה          fat

*מִשְׁמָן         fat

 

דָּם, דָּמִים  blood, (spilled) blood         

*נֵ֫צַח               juice=blood

 

*עֹ֫צֶם                frame

עֶ֫צֶם, עֲצָמוֹת/עֲצָמִים bone, bones         

מֹחַ marrow                        

גֶּ֫רֶם, גְּרָמִים bone, bones         

גֻּלְגֹּ֫לֶת   skull                  

לְחִי, לְחָיַ֫יִם jaw, a pair of jaws          

קָנֶה                      humerus

צֵ֫לַע, צְלָעוֹת         rib, ribs

*אַצִּילֵי יָד elbows               

בֶּ֫רֶךְ, בִּרְכַּ֫יִם knee, a pair of knees            

*קַרְסֻלַּ֫יִם                a pair of ankles

עָקֵב, *עֲקֵבִים         heel, heels

 

*יְצֻרִים         formed parts

*מַבְנִית        frame (cj Job 20:3)

 

רוּחַ air               

נֶ֫פֶשׁ           life-breath

נְשָׁמָה breath         

 

בָּשָׂר          flesh

נֶ֫פֶשׁ life-breath            

 

גְּוִיָּה body            

גּוּפָה         body

נֶ֫פֶשׁ           living being

 

גְּוִיָּה          body

גּוּפָה            body

נֶ֫פֶש        ׁ  living being

Full Listing (Unvocalized)

ראש, ראשים, ראשיו/ראשיו

קדקד, קדקדו

גלגלת, גלגלתו

רקה

מצח, *מצחות

 

פנים

אחור, *אחורים

גו/גו/גוה

גב

במות

 

*פאת פנים

*פאת ראש

*פאה, *פאתים

*פת

 

שער, שערה, *שערות, *שערו

*פרע שער ראש

*דלת ראש

*קוצוֹת

*ציצת רֹאשׁ

 

זקן

*פאת זקן

*גזרה

שפם

 

עין, עינים

אישון עין

אישון בת־עין 

בת־עין  

בבת עינו

 

*עפעפים

*שמרות עינים 

*גבת עינים 

 

אזן, אזנים

תנוך

 

אף, אפים

 

לחי, לחיים, לחיו

*מלקוחים

 

פה, פיו/פיהו

*מדבר

 

חך

לשון, לשנות

שן, שנים

 

שפה, שפתים

*דל שפתים

 

גרון

*לע

נפש  

 

צואר, צוארים/*צורות

*מפרקת

*גרגרות

ערף

 

שכם, שכמו

שכמה

כתף, *כתפים, כתפות

 

שד, שדים

זיז

*דדים

חיק/חק

 

בטן

*דלתי בטן

קבה, קבתה

 

*שרר, *שררו

שר, *שרו

 

*מעים

*כרש

חמש

אול

 

רחם

משבר

 

קרב, *קרבים

 

לב/לבב, לבות/לבבות

סגור לב

כליות

כבד

*מררה

 

זרוע/אזרוע, זרעות/זרעים

קנה, קנה

יד, ידים

*אַצילות יד 

*אצילי יד

 

ימינו/נה, יד ימינו

שמאלו/לה, יד שמאלו

 

כף, כפים/כפות

חפנים

*שעל, שעלים

 

אצבע, אצבעות

בהן/בהון, *בוהנת/*בהונות

*קטן, *קטנו

*צפרנים

 

שפכה 

*אשך  

שת, *שתות

מפשעה

*עקבים

 

יד

בשר 

 

כסלים 

רגלים 

 

ערוה 

בשר ערוה 

*מער

 

*מעורים

מבושים 

*נבלות 

 

צד, צדים

כסל, כסלים

מתנים

חלצים

 

ירך, ירכים

כף הירך

נשה 

 

*עטמים

שוק, שקים

 

ברך, ברכים

*קרסלים 

*אפסים

 

*מרגלות

רגל, רגלים

פעם, פעמים

 

כף רגל , כפות/כפים

אצבע, אצבעות

בהן/בהון, *בוהנת/*בהונות

עקב, *עקבים

 

עור

*עור שניו

*גלד

ערלה, ערלות

 

גיד, גידים

בשר, בשרים

שאר

 

חלב

פימה

*משמן

 

דם, דמים

*נצח 

 

*עצם

עצם, עצמות/עצמים

מח

גרם, גרמים

גלגלת

לחי, לחיים

קנה

צלע, צלעות

*אצילי יד

ברך, ברכים

*קרסלים

עקב, *עקבים

 

*יצרים

*מבנית

 

רוח

נפש

נשמה

 

בשר

נפש

 

גויה

גופה

נפש 

 

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This series is developing nicely, John. Thanks for all the work you're putting into it!

Thanks, too, for noting in passing the SAHD project which keeps ticking along. For info, the main project website is here [http://www2.div.ed.ac.uk/research/sahd/].

David Reimer

Thanks, David. I will send you a copy of the three-part series in pdf format. My next mini-project along these lines: verbs of speech.

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  • Bryan's Thoughts
    perceptive theoblog
  • Catholic Sensibility
    a thoughtful blog by a liturgist in a Midwestern parish
  • Chrisendom
    by Chris Tilling, one smart Englishman in the land of Hegel and Goethe
  • Christ, My Righteousness
    by Celucien L. Joseph; here's hoping he will also get his Theological French site up to speed
  • Claude Mariottini
    a perspective on the Old Testament and current events by a professor of Old Testament at Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Chicagoland, Illinois
  • clayboy
    Clayboy is really called Doug Chaplin. This is his blog. Some of what he says may be worth reading, but you may have to read the bits that aren't to find the good stuff.
  • Codex: Biblical Studies Blogspot
    by Tyler Williams, professor of Old Testament / Hebrew Bible at Taylor University, Edmonton, Alberta
  • Complegalitarian
    A team blog that discusses right ways and wrong ways Scripture might help in the social construction of gender
  • Connected Christianity
    a place to explore what it might be like if Christians finally got the head, heart, and hands of their faith re-connected
  • Conversational Theology
    Smart and delightful comment by Ros Clarke, a Ph.D. student in Old Testament at Westminster Seminary
  • Daily Hebrew
    Not so daily at the moment, but lots of good stuff, by Chip Hardy, doctoral student, University of Chicago
  • Davar Akher
    Looking for alternative explanations: comments on things Jewish and beyond, by Simon Holloway
  • Deinde
    News and Discussion by Danny Zacharias
  • Discipulus scripturae
    Nathan Stitt's place
  • Dr. Jim West
    A weblog about Biblical Studies, Theology, and current events, by Jim West, Th.D.
  • Dr. Platypus
    insightful comment by Darrell Pursiful, editor at Smyth & Helwys Publishing.
  • Eclexia
    The heart and mind of this Bible and theology blogger sing in unison
  • Eliana
    on her way to a Ph. D. program in biblical studies
  • Elizaphanian
    Rev Sam tussles with God, and limps away
  • Emerging from Babel
    Stephen investigates the potential of narrative and rhetorical criticism as a tool for expounding scripture
  • En Epheso
    by Mike Aubrey, linguist and lover of Ephesians
  • Euangelion
    NT blog by Michael Bird and Joel Willitts
  • Evangelical Textual Criticism
    A group blog on NT and OT text-critical matters
  • Evedyahu
    by Cristian Rata, Lecturer in Old Testament of Torch Trinity Graduate School of Theology, Seoul Korea
  • Exegetica Digita
    discussion of Logos high-end syntax and discourse tools – running searches, providing the downloads (search files) and talking about what can be done and why it might matter for exegesis, by Mike Heiser
  • Exegetisk Teologi
    careful exegetical comment by Stefan Green (in Swedish)
  • Exploring Our Matrix
    Insightful reflections by James McGrath, ass't. professor of religion, Butler University
  • Faith Matters
    Mark Alter's place
  • finitum non capax infiniti
    Arthur Boulet’s place (Westminster Seminary, Philadelphia PA)
  • Gentle Wisdom
    A fearless take on issues roiling Christendom today, by Peter Kirk, a Bible translator
  • Giluy Milta B‘alma
    by Ezra Chwat and Avraham David of the Institute of Microfilmed Hebrew Manuscripts, Jewish National and Hebrew University Library, Jerusalem
  • Hagahot
    by a doctoral student in Jewish studies
  • He is Sufficient
    insightful comment on Bible translations, eschatology, and more, by Elshaddai Edwards
  • Higgaion
    by Chris Heard, Professor of Religion, Pepperdine University
  • Hirhurim Musings
    by Rabbi Gil Student and colleagues
  • Idle Musings of a Bookseller
    by James Spinti of Eisenbrauns
  • if i were a bell, i'd ring
    Tim Ricchiuiti’s place
  • Imaginary Grace
    Smooth, witty commentary by Angela Erisman
  • James' Thoughts and Musings
    by James Pate, a doctoral student at HUC-JIR Cincinnati
  • kata ta biblia
    by Patrick George McCollough, M. Div. student, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena CA
  • Ketuvim
    Learned reflection from the keyboard of Jim Getz
  • Kilbabo
    Ben Johnson’s insightful blog
  • Lingamish
    delightful fare by David Ker, Bible translator, who also lingalilngas.
  • Looney Fundamentalist
    a scientist who loves off-putting labels
  • Menachem Mendel
    A feisty blog on rabbinic literature by Michael Pitkowsky
  • mu-pàd-da
    scholarly blog by C. Jay Crisostomo, grad student in ANE studies at ?
  • Narrative and Ontology
    Astoundingly thoughtful comment from Phil Sumpter, a Ph.D. student in Bible, resident in Bonn, Germany
  • New Epistles
    by Kevin Sam, M. Div. student at the Lutheran Theological Seminary, Saskatoon SK
  • NT Weblog
    Mark Goodacre's blog, professor of New Testament, Duke University
  • Observatório Bíblico
    wide-ranging blog by Airton José da Silva, Professor de Bíblia Hebraica/Antigo Testamento na Faculdade de Teologia do CEARP de Ribeirão Preto, Brasile (in Portuguese)
  • Occasional Publications
    excellent blogging by Daniel Driver, Brevard Childs' scholar extraordinaire
  • old testament passion
    Great stuff from Anthony Loke, a seminary lecturer and Methodist pastor in Malaysia
  • On the Main Line
    Mississippi Fred MacDowell's musings on Hebraica and Judaica. With a name like that you can't go wrong.
  • PaleoJudaica
    by James Davila, lecturer in Early Jewish Studies at the University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland. A weblog on ancient Judaism and its context
  • Pastoral Epistles
    by Rick Brannan and friends, a conceptually unique Bible blog
  • Pen and Parchment
    Michael Patton and company don't just think outside the box. They are tearing down its walls.
  • Pisteuomen
    by Michael Halcomb, pastor-scholar from the Bluegrass State
  • Pseudo-Polymath
    by Mark Olson, an Orthodox view on things
  • Purging my soul . . . one blog at a time
    great theoblog by Sam Nunnally
  • Ralph the Sacred River
    by Edward Cook, a superb Aramaist
  • Random Bloggings
    by Calvin Park, M. Div. student at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton MA
  • Resident aliens
    reflections of one not at home in this world
  • Revelation is Real
    Strong-minded comment from Tony Siew, scholar-pastor serving in North Borneo, Malaysia
  • Ricoblog
    by Rick Brannan, it's the baby pictures I like the most
  • Rightly Dividing the Word of Truth
    Nick Norelli's fabulous blog on Bible and theology
  • SansBlogue
    by Tim Bulkeley, lecturer in Old Testament, Carey Baptist College (New Zealand). His Hypertext Commentary on Amos is an interesting experiment
  • Ancient Near Eastern Languages
    texts and files to help people learn some ancient languages in self study, by Mike Heiser
  • Scripture & Theology
    a communal weblog dedicated to the intersection of biblical interpretation and the articulation of church doctrine, by Daniel Driver, Phil Sumpter, and others
  • Scripture Zealot
    by Jeff Contrast
  • Seforim blog
    great Judaica blog by Dan Rabinowitz and Menachem Butler
  • Singing in the Reign
    NT blog by Michael Barber (JP University) and Brad Pitre (Our Lady Holy Cross)
  • Stuff of Earth
    NT blog by Michael Pahl, NT instructor, Calgary Alberta
  • Sufficiency
    A personal take on the faith delivered to the saints, by Bob MacDonald, whose parallel blog on the Psalms in Hebrew is a colorful and innovative experiment
  • Sunestauromai: living the crucified life
    by a scholar-pastor based in the Grand Canyon National Park
  • Targuman
    by Christian Brady, targum specialist extraordinaire, and dean of Schreyer Honors College, Penn State University
  • The Forbidden Gospels Blog
    by April DeConick, Professor of Biblical Studies, Rice University
  • The Magnes Zionist
    self-criticism from an American, Israeli, and orthodox Jewish perspective
  • The Naked Bible
    by Mike Heiser, academic editor at Logos Bible Software
  • The Reformed Reader
    by Andrew Compton, Ph.D. student in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures (focus on Hebrew and Semitic Languages) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)
  • Theological German
    a site for reading and discussing theological German
  • This Lamp
    Incisive comment on Bible translations and more, by Rick Mansfield
  • Thoughts on Antiquity
    incisive comment on matters related to Greco-Roman antiquity, by Chris Weimer and friends
  • Threads from Henry's Web
    Wide-ranging comment by Henry Neufeld, educator, publisher, and author
  • Tolle lege
    A wide-ranging blog with excellent posts on the wisdom books of the Bible and the psalms, by Dave Beldman
  • Two Tzaddiks
    by Susan Steeble, a journey into the heart of Hasidic Judaism
  • Ultimate DovBear
    ruthlessly honest Jewish blog
  • What I Learned From Aristotle
    follows topics that interested Aristotle: art, ethics, logic, philosophy, poetry, rhetoric, science, and truth.
  • Voice of Stefan
    Carbonated holiness from Esteban
  • Weblog
    by a fearless Wikipedian, Justin Anthony Knapp

Links of Interest

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  • Ancient Hebrew Poetry is a weblog of John F. Hobbins. Opinions expressed herein do not reflect those of his professional affiliations. Unless otherwise indicated, the contents of Ancient Hebrew Poetry, including all text, images, and other media, are original and licensed under a Creative Commons License.

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    Copyright © 2005 by John F Hobbins.